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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR WHITE PHOSPHORUS -index 2 HEALTH EFFECTS 2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -3 2.2.2 Oral Exposure(2.2.2.0 preface) 2.2.2.1 Death 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -22.2.2.2 Systemic Effects 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -32.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects 2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects 2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects 2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects 2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects 2.2.2.8 Cancer 2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects There is limited information on the immunotoxicity of white phosphorus; however, there is some information that suggests that the immune system may be a target. Thymic hemorrhages were observed in two young children accidentally ingesting white phosphorus-containing fireworks (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Humphreys and Halpert 1931). In one of these children, hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue in the intestinal wall and abdominal lymph nodes and hyperplastic lymphoid corpuscles in the spleen were observed (Humphreys and Halpert 193 1). Decreases in leukocyte levels were reported in a number of case reports involving acute ingestion of rat poison or fireworks containing white phosphorus (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968). A decrease (Pietras et al. 1968) or an increase in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) (McCarron et al. 1981) were also observed in individuals ingesting white phosphorus. Because the individuals vomited shortly after ingesting the white phosphorus and/or received gastric lavage, doses could not be estimated. In workers exposed to an unknown level of white phosphorus via inhalation, oral, and dermal routes, a decrease in leukocyte levels was observed (Ward 1928). No studies were located regarding immunological or lymphoreticular effects in animals after oral exposure to white phosphorus. 2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects A number of case reports of individuals accidentally or intentionally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus have reported neurological effects. Nonspecific neurological effects including lethargy (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981; Rao and Brown 1974; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949; Simon and Pickering 1976; Talley et al. 1972), sleepiness (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Ehrentheil 1957; McCarron et al. 1981; McIntosh 1927), irritability (McCarron et al. 1981), restlessness (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Ehrentheil 1957; Harm and Veale 1910), and hypoactivity (Humphreys and Halpert 1931) have been observed. Other symptoms of neurotoxicity that have been observed include coma or semi-coma (Caley and Kellock 1955; Ehrentheil 1957; Hann and Veale 1910; McCarron et al. 1981; McIntosh 1927; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), toxic delirium and psychosis (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950), hemiplegia (Humphreys and Halpert 1931; McCarron et al. 1981), abnormal reflexes (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), hyperesthesia (Humphreys and Halpert 1931), coarse muscle fasciculations (Caley and Kellock 1955), unresponsiveness to painful stimuli (Simon and Pickering 1976), and marked asterixis (flapping tremor) (Greenberger et al. 1964). In addition to these overt signs of neurotoxicity, histological damage in the brain was observed in four individuals ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. Based on this limited information, the types of cellular damage can be grouped into four categories (1) cellular changes resulting from ischemic damage found in the Purkinje cells and cerebral cortical cells of the second and third layer of the cortex (Wertham 1932); (2) direct white phosphorus-induced cellular damage to the dentate nucleus and inferior olives (Wertham 1932); (3) fatty infiltration in the ganglion cells of the cortex, neuroglial cells, Golgi cells of the cerebellum, and the cells in the pia-arachnoid space (Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932); and (4) cerebral edema (Rao and Brown 1974). It is not known if the cerebral edema observed in this one individual was secondary to the other types of damage. A child treated with 0.083 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for an intermediate duration became lethargic 3 months after beginning treatment and remained lethargic until treatment was discontinued .70 days later. Following cessation of treatment, the child recovered very rapidly (Sontag 1938). Overt signs of neurotoxicity were observed in a cat ingesting a single lethal dose (Fry and Cucuel 1969) and in pregnant rats exposed to a lethal dose (0.075 mg/kg/day) of white phosphorus for an intermediate duration (effects only observed during late gestation of parturition) (Bio/dynamics 1991). Tonoclonic convulsions, increased salivation and weakness were observed in the cat (Frye and Cucuel1969), and tremors were observed in pregnant rats (Bio/dynamics 1991). In another developmental toxicity study (IRDC 1985), no signs of neurotoxicity were observed in pregnant rats. All LOAEL values from each reliable study for neurological effects in each species and duration category are recorded in Table 2-2 and plotted in Figure 2-2. Because vomiting occurred or the individuals received gastric lavage shortly after ingestion, reliable dose estimations could only be made for one individual acutely exposed to 2 mg/kg/day white phosphorus (Hann and Veale 1910). 2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects Extensive uterine hemorrhaging was observed in a 2-month pregnant woman following the intentional ingestion of 2 mg/kg white phosphorus in rat poison (Hann and Veale 1910). Autopsy results showed that the uterus was enlarged containing a hemorrhagic mole, which was consistent with a 2-month pregnancy. No effects on reproductive performance or histological alterations in the ovaries, uterus, testis, or epididymis were observed in rats administered 0.075 mg/kg/day or less in a one-generation reproduction study (Bio/dynamics 1991; IRDC 1985). The highest NOAEL value and all LOAEL values from each reliable study for effects in each species and duration category are recorded in Table 2-2 and plotted in Figure 2-2. 2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects A healthy infant was administered phosphorized cod liver oil (reported to contain 1.1 mg “pure” phosphorus per fluid ounce) from ages l-7 months (Sontag 1938). The phosphorized cod liver oil was apparently administered for the prevention of rickets. The time-weighted average dose for the 6-month exposure was 0.083 mg/kg/day. During the first 3 months of treatment, the child appeared clinically normal and grew at a normal rate. From the ages of .4 to 6 months, the child became clinically ill, gained essentially no weight, and the rate of growth in height decreased from .0.1 to 0.04 cm/day. Following replacement of the treatment with normal, nonphosphorized cod liver oil, the child appeared to recover quickly, and began to grow at a normal rate. Radiograms taken at 6 months of age showed bands of increased density at the end of all the long bones with increased thickness and density also observed in the zones of calcification. Radiograms taken between 9 months and 5 years of age showed bands of increased density in the diaphyses of the long bones, and in the pelvic, metacarpal, and metatarsal bones. This study describes formation of “phosphorus” bands of increased density in the ends of long bones and possible decreased growth in a child exposed to 0.083 mg/kg/day phosphorus for 6 months (Sontag 1938). It should be noted that radiologic densities are common at the growing points of long bones in children. However, lead poisoning, administration of nickel, certain chronic diseases like anemia, and hypervitaminosis D may also produce bands in the ends of bones, but these are much thicker and heavier (Sontag 1938). A child with Perthes’ disease was administered 0.056 mgkg/day of phosphorus for two periods of intermediate duration, separated by a period with no exposure (Phemister 1918). “Phosphorus” bands of increased density developed in the ends in the tibia, fibula, and femur during the two exposure periods, without any improvement in the child’s condition. A male child with dyschondroplasia was administered 0.026 and 0.046 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for 3 and 8 months, respectively. “Phosphorus” bands of increased density developed in the tibia, fibula, and femur. The density and thickness of the bands were greater at the high-dose level and longer-treatment period. A male child with osteogenesis imperfecta was administered 0.078, 0.063, and 0.059 mg/kg/day phosphorus for 26,3, and 18 months, respectively, separated by a period of time with no white phosphorus exposure. Treatment with white phosphorus produced marked changes, including bands of increased density at the ends of bones and increased transverse diameters of the shafts of bones in the legs and arms (Phemister 1918). Four children with moderate to severe cases of rickets were treated orally with 0.110-0.158 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for durations ranging from 64 to 149 days (Compere 1930a). “Phosphorus” bands of increased thickness and density were observed in the long bones of 1 of 2 of the children examined. An arachitic child was treated with 0.119 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for 82 days (Compere 1930b). Following treatment, the child had a “heavy phosphorus line” and increased density of cortices. Treatment with white phosphorus did not generally improve the condition of the bones in children with rickets. Because these children were sickly, the relevance of the observed effects to potential effects of white phosphorus in normal, healthy children could not be ascertained. Young, growing rabbits exposed to 0.3 mg/kg/day white phosphorus given as a pill for an acute duration had transverse bands of increased density in metaphyseal regions of the tibia and fibula, compared to a control group (Adams 1938a). However, the percentage of calcium and phosphorus, and the calcium/phosphorus ratio in the metaphyseal and cortical regions of the right tibia was similar between treated and control animals. Young, growing rabbits exposed to 0.3 mg/kg/day white phosphorus given as a pill for an intermediate duration had average growth of the tibia of 0.27 mm/day, compared to 0.36 mm/day in the control group; however, no statistical analysis of the results was reported (Adams and Samat 1940). One rabbit had histological abnormalities in the tibia including decreased size of epiphyseal cartilage plate, as well as increased density in the metaphyseal zone with trabeculae that were greater in number and extended further into the diaphysis to a greater extent, compared to a control rabbit. The trabeculae were associated with a greater amount of calcified cartilage matrix. These effects probably resulted from a decrease in the normal rate of bone resorption during bone growth, resulting in decreased rate of growth of the tibia. Weanling rats exposed to 1.25 mg/kg/day white phosphorus in the feed for an intermediate duration had widening of the metaphyseal trabeculae, broadened metaphysis, and a slightly convex lateral contour of the proximal tibia, compared to a control group (Whalen et al. 1973). Osteocytes were small and elongated compared to those in the control group, and osteocytic osteolysis and chondrolysis were decreased or missing. In the treated rats, metaphyseal trabeculae extended deeper into the diaphysis than in the controls. These effects probably resulted from decreased bone resorption during bone growth, resulting in widening trabeculae and a denser metaphysis. Very similar results were observed in studies on growing rats (Adams and Sarnat 1940) and rabbits, but not in an adult rabbit (Adams 1938b). In rats, the doses varied from 0.002% to 0.05% yellow phosphorus (Adams and Sarnat 1940) and in rabbits, from 0.6 to 6 mg (Adams 1938b; Adams and Samat 1940). A decrease in the number of viable pups and an increase in the number of stillborn pups was observed in the F1a and F1b offspring of rats exposed to 0.075 mg/kg/day; however, the incidence was not significantly (p 0.05) different from controls (IRDC 1985). These effects were not seen in a similarly designed reproduction study in which rats were administered 0.075 mg/kg/day (Bio/dynamics 1991). Neither of these studies found any significant differences in the occurrence of malformations or anomalies. These NOAEL and LOAEL values from each reliable study for developmental effects in rats are recorded in Table 2-2 and plotted in Figure 2-2. 2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects No studies were located regarding genotoxic effects in humans or animals after oral exposure to white phosphorus. Genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.5. 2.2.2.8 Cancer No studies were located regarding cancer in humans or after oral exposure to white phosphorus. In the only chronic duration oral study in animals, no treatment-related histopathological lesions were observed in the lungs or other organs (not otherwise specified) in rats given .1.6 mg/kg/day white phosphorus in the diet for up to 479 days (Fleming et al. 1942). Only six rats per dose group were used. 2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
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[開幕推奨持込] (戦士、侍)ロンソ、H200、PUP*3、PMAX、Mスリ、ブライト [後攻め推奨持込] (戦士、侍)ロンソ、パワシ、ハンリン、PMAX、ポーションSP、ブライト、ハンター、C1 (戦士、侍)パワシ、マジリン、マジポ、ポーションSP、マジホ、ブライト、ハンター、C1 [立ち回り] エタナ３の最初の青城。簡単だが性能は悪い・・・が何故か人気があるような気がする。 開幕ハンリンもあり。基本的に入らない。入るならポイントをしっかり残せる時間に。 PUPは90まで上げて3枚使用。 マジホは４、５、６階あたりで。 [浮き目安] 開幕7~9分で80~130浮きほど。 後攻めは浮き110~140程度。
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR WHITE PHOSPHORUS -index ▼2 HEALTH EFFECTS ▼▼2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -2 2.2.2 Oral Exposure(2.2.2.0 preface) 2.2.2.1 Death 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -22.2.2.2 Systemic Effects(preface) Respiratory Effects. Cardiovascular Effects. Gastrointestinal Effects. Hematological Effects. Musculoskeletal Effects. Hepatic Effects. Renal Effects. Dermal Effects. Other Systemic Effects. 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -32.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects 2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects 2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects 2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects 2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects 2.2.2.8 Cancer 2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects (preface) Systemic effects of white phosphorus in humans and animals after oral exposure are discussed below. The highest NOAEL value and all reliable LOAEL values from each reliable study for systemic effects in each species and duration category are recorded in Table 2-2 and plotted in Figure 2-2. No studies were located regarding ocular effects in humans or animals after oral exposure to white phosphorus. Respiratory Effects. Studies on respiratory effects following acute oral exposure of humans to white phosphorus were limited to case reports of intentional or accidental consumption of materials containing white phosphorus. Although intake of phosphorus was often reported, dose could be estimated for only one study (Hann and Veale 1910), because vomiting and/or gastric lavage nearly always occurred soon after poisoning, expelling much of the ingested phosphorus from the body. Tachypnea (increased respiratory rate; 48 breaths/minute) was observed in a woman consuming rat poison containing 4% white phosphorus (Hann and Veale 1910); the woman apparently did not vomit until the second day, and the vomitus was clear. The estimated dose was 2 mg/kg. Four days after ingesting the rat poison, the woman died, apparently from liver failure. Autopsy showed that the pleural cavity was filled with a dark fluid, but no histological abnormalities were observed in the lungs (Hann and Veale 1910). In the following studies, no doses could be estimated for respiratory effects because of vomiting and/or gastric lavage. In a case report involving ingestion of rat poison containing white phosphorus, the patient arrived at a hospital in a coma and displayed Cheyne-Stokes respirations and rales (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951). The Cheyne-Stokes respirations increased to an extreme degree, and the patient died. Autopsy revealed pulmonary congestion and edema throughout the stroma. Increased respiratory rate (56 breaths/minute) and rales also were observed in an infant ingesting rat poison containing white phosphorus (Rao and Brown 1974). The child died, and autopsy revealed evidence of pulmonary edema. Rales were observed in a child ingesting a fatal dose of white phosphorus in fireworks; autopsy indicated that the lungs were normal except for some fibrous adhesions (Dwyer and Helwig 1925). Hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia was observed following autopsy of a man ingesting a fatal dose of rat poison containing white phosphorus (Winek et al. 1973). Autopsy of a child who died following ingestion of a firecracker revealed fatty deposition in parenchyma, bronchial epithelium, and tracheal epithelium and cartilage (Humphreys and Halpert 1931). Death from cardiopulmonary failure was reported for a 63-year-old woman (Winek et al. 1973), a 2-year-old boy (Simon and Pickering 1976), and a 3-year-old girl (Simon and Pickering 1976) following ingestion of white phosphorus in rat poison; a respiratory rate of 44 breaths/minute was initially observed in the girl (Simon and Pickering 1976). Increased respiratory rate was observed prior to death in two case reports involving ingestion of rat poison (Talley et al. 1972; Winek et al. 1973). Shallow respirations and cyanosis were observed prior to death in an adult female following ingestion of rat/roach poison containing white phosphorus (Rubitsky and Myerson 1949). Rales were observed 1 day after intentional ingestion of rat poison by a 30-year-old man; 2 days later the patient went into shock but survived the poisoning and eventually recovered (Pietras et al. 1968). No treatment-related respiratory effects were reported in children treated with white phosphorus for intermediate durations. No treatment-related microscopic changes were observed in the lungs of rats exposed to 0.2 mg/kg/day white phosphorus in the diet for a chronic duration (Fleming et al. 1942) or 0.075 mg/kg/day phosphorus by gavage for an intermediate duration (LRDC 1985). Heavy breathing and apnea were reported following ingestion of a fatal quantity of white phosphorus by a cat (Frye and Cucuell969). Necropsy revealed hyperemia, hemorrhage and edema in the lungs. Cardiovascular Effects. Alterations in electrocardiograms, such as altered or inverted T waves and changes in the QRS complex, and other cardiac changes, such as tachycardia, arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, and decreased ventricular contractility, have been observed in individuals accidentally or intentionally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950, 1961; Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Ehrentheil 1957; Matsumoto et al. 1972; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968; Rao and Brown 1974; Simon and Pickering 1976; Talley et al. 1972). Damage to the myocardium was verified by a number of cases in which histological examination of the heart was performed. Prominent cross striations in the myocardium (Dwyer and Helwig 1925), fatty infiltration of muscle (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1961; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932), necrosis of myocardium (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), markedly dilated cardiac chamber (Rao and Brown 1974), and interstitial edema of the myocardium and vacuolation of cells (Talley et al. 1972) have been observed. Because of vomiting and gastric lavage, doses cannot be calculated from the human studies. No cardiac effects were reported in longer term human studies. In addition to the effects on the heart, a number of vascular effects have been observed in humans acutely exposed to white phosphorus. A markedly decreased or undetectable blood pressure (Caley and Kellock 1955; Dathe and Nathan 1946; McCarron et al. 1981; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949; Simon and Pickering 1976; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), vascular collapse (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950, 1961), undetectable or decreased pulse (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), and increased pulse (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Hann and Veale 1910; McCarron et al. 1981; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951) have been observed. In addition, individuals have died following cardiopulmonary arrest (Simon and Pickering 1976; Winek et al. 1973), which may be due to effects on the heart or vascular system. A dose of 2 mg/kg/day for vascular effects was identified from the Hann and Veale (1910) report of a woman ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. Dose levels cannot be estimated for the other case reports. Hemorrhaging in internal organs, as well as the appearance of petechial hemorrhages on the skin, have been reported in a number of acute human exposure cases (Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Winek et al. 1973). It is not known whether these effects are due to impairment of the integrity of the blood vessels or due to damage of the affected organ (e.g., liver, stomach) itself. In rats administered 0.075 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for an intermediate duration, no histological alterations were observed in the heart (Bio/dynamics 1991; IRDC 1985). In rats exposed for an intermediate duration to an unknown concentration of airborne white phosphorus from the furnace room of a phosphorus factory, an increase in permeability of capillary walls, lesions in the walls of blood vessels and evidence of impaired microcirculation were observed in the mouth (Ruzuddinov and Rys-Uly 1986). These effects probably resulted from the local action of white phosphorus on the oral cavity. Gastrointestinal Effects. Most of the human case reports listed vomiting as an early effect following ingestion of a single high dose of white phosphorus (Caley and Kellock 1955; Dathe and Nathan 1946; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Greenberger et al. 1964; Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 193 1; Matsumoto et al. 1972; McCarron et al. 1981; McIntosh 1927; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949; Simon and Pickering 1976; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951; Winek et al. 1973). The doses that induced vomiting ranged from 2 to 23 mg/kg (Caley and Kellock 1955; Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Harm and Veale 1910; Matsumoto et al. 1972; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949). Vomiting generally started within hours after ingesting the white phosphorus, and sometimes continued for many days. Other gastrointestinal effects included abdominal cramps or pain (often severe) (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Ehrentheil1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Greenberger et al. 1964; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968), vomiting blood and/or pieces of the gastric mucosa (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), necrosis and erosion of mucosa in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932, Winek et al. 1973). These effects, with the exception of necrosis, were probably due to the irritating effects of white phosphorus on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Vomitus often contained white phosphorus, indicating that vomiting generally occurred before all white phosphorus and/or its oxidation products had been absorbed. No gastrointestinal effects were reported in children receiving treatment with 0.026-0.158 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for as much as 26 months (Phemister 1918; Compere 1930a). An infant became seriously ill during treatment with 0.083 mg/kg/day white phosphorus (6-month time-weighted average dose), but recovered entirely following discontinuation of the treatment (Sontag 1938). No vomiting or diarrhea was observed during the treatment period. Gastrointestinal effects were not reported in studies examining longer term occupational exposure to white phosphorus (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944; Ward 1928). Erosion and hemorrhages in tissue in the esophagus and stomach were observed following ingestion of a fatal unknown quantity of white phosphorus by a cat (Frye and Cucuel 1969). Vomiting was observed in 6 of 21 dogs treated by gavage with an unknown quantity of white phosphorus from firecrackers (Dwyer and Helwig 1925). No gross or microscopic alterations were observed in the gastrointestinal tract of rats treated by gavage with 0.075 mg/kg/day for 204 days (IRDC 1985). Hematological Effects. Hematological effects have been reported in a number of case histories of individuals accidentally or intentionally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus contained in rat (and cockroach) poisons or fireworks. Because most of the individuals vomited or received gastric lavage shortly after ingestion, the amount of white phosphorus available for absorption is not known. Increases in erythrocyte levels (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950) and hemoglobin levels (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; McIntosh 1927); decreases in erythrocyte levels (Dwyer and Helwig 1925) and hemoglobin and/or hematocrit levels (Simon and Pickering 1973); and anemia (Caley and Kellock 1955) have been observed in some of these individuals. A number of individuals had no change in erythrocyte parameters (Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Newburger et al. 1948; Simon and Pickering 1976). The decreases in erythrocyte parameters may be a reflection of the hemorrhages observed in specific tissues (e.g., gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin) (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951; Winek et al. 1973). In addition to these changes in erythrocyte parameters, changes in total or differential leukocyte levels were reported in a number of individuals acutely exposed to white phosphorus. Decreases in total leukocyte levels (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Ehrentbeil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968) and decreases or increases in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) have been reported (Ehrentheil 1957; McCarron et al. 1981; Pietras et al. 1968). No changes in leukocyte parameters were observed in a number of individuals (Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Newburger et al. 1948; Simon and Pickering 1976). Abnormally low protbrombin times or levels (hypo-prothrombinemia) and a moderate decrease in platelets were observed in a number of individuals ingesting single doses of white phosphorus (Caley and Kellock 1955; Dathe and Nathan 1946; Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al 1981). Most of the patients developed hypoprothrombinemia within 4-8 days (McCarron et al. 1981). This is probably secondary to the liver damage rather than a direct effect on platelets. No changes in hematological parameters were observed in a child ingesting phosphorized cod liver oil (0.083 mg/kg/day phosphorus) for 184 days (Sontag 1938). Anemia and leukopenia were observed in individuals occupationally exposed to white phosphorus chronically (Ward 1928). It is likely that workers were exposed by the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes. Because there is very little consistency regarding the length of time that elapsed between ingestion and measurement of hematological parameters and the doses cannot be calculated, it is difficult to compare the results of different studies. There is insufficient information to determine whether white phosphorus has a direct effect on erythrocytes and/or leukocytes. The effects observed may be secondary effects. The decrease in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit and leukocyte levels may be secondary to hemorrhaging or hematoemesis (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949) and the increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin may be a compensatory mechanism due to tissue anoxia. However, since red blood cell synthesis takes 3-5 days, the observed effects may be direct if they are occurring within l-2 days. A slight decrease in hemoglobin levels and increase in eosinophil levels were observed in a 30-year-old man who performed magic shows that involved placing white phosphorus pellets in the mucobuccal folds of his mouth for 15 years. He had no other personal habits that might adversely affect his health except for occasional bidi smoking for about 8 years (Jakhi et al. 1983). Information on hematological effects in animals is limited to one study in which a marked increase in total leukocyte levels and the percentage of monocytes were observed in a guinea pig acutely exposed to 0.9-2.4 mg/kg/day of white phosphorus in a complex dosing regimen (Lawrence and Huffman 1929). The study authors did not specify at which doses the effects occurred. Musculoskeletal Effects. Following ingestion of a fatal dose of rat poison containing white phosphorus by a woman, autopsy revealed fatty infiltration of essentially all tissues, including the musculature (Wertham 1932). Similar effects were reported following the death of a male child who accidentally ingested a firecracker containing white phosphorus; autopsy revealed fatty deposition in many tissues, included the diaphragmic muscle (Humphreys and Halpert 1931). Humans occupationally exposed to white phosphorus probably ingested some airborne white phosphorus. In a study of 71 humans occupationally exposed to white phosphorus, oral exposure to white phosphorus via hand-to-mouth activity was likely because the workers constantly handled a paste containing 4-6% white phosphorus and washroom facilities were inadequate (Ward 1928). In workers exposed to white phosphorus for intermediate durations, 2 of 44 developed phossy jaw, described as slight necrosis in the lower jaw. In workers exposed to white phosphorus for chronic durations, 12 of 27 developed phossy jaw, with necrosis ranging from slight to severe; 2 of the 12 workers developing phossy jaw died from complications related to the necrosis. The progression of the disease was similar in the cases described, usually beginning with the extraction of one or more teeth, poor healing of the socket, followed by necrosis of tissue in the jaw with severe pain and infection. Treatment consisted of repeated removal of destroyed bone tissue and teeth, draining of abscesses, and reconstructive surgery. In severe cases, extensive removal of necrotic bone tissue led to permanent disfigurement. However, exposure levels of white phosphorus were not reported (Ward 1928). Case reports of development of phossy jaw following intermediate or chronic occupational exposure to unreported levels of white phosphorus and phosphorus compounds describe a similar progression of symptoms, with similar results; even in cases of early diagnosis and prompt, intensive treatment of phossy jaw, recovery often took several years (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944). It is likely that the effect of white phosphorus in the oral cavity is local, resulting from contact of “inhaled”white phosphorus particles with tissue in the mouth. White phosphorus may affect the oral mucosa. Dull, red spots in the oral mucosa, an early sign of phossy jaw, have been reported to precede its development in occupationally exposed workers (Kennon and Hallam 1944). The oral mucosa of workers exposed to white phosphorus has been described as having a dull, red, unhealthy appearance (Hughes et al. 1962). Exposed bones may be especially susceptible to the irritating affects of white phosphorus. It is not known whether white phosphorus ingested and absorbed into the systemic circulation contributed to the development of phossy jaw. Not all workers exposed to white phosphorus for longer-term durations developed phossy jaw. In a study of 71 workers exposed to airborne white phosphorus for intermediate or chronic durations, 4.5% and 44%, respectively, developed phossy jaw (Ward 1928). Forty-eight male workers with exposure to white phosphorus ranging from 1 to 17 years were found to be normal and healthy with regards to many parameters, including serum levels of calcium and phosphorus, and bone density; none of the men developed phossy jaw (Hughes et al. 1962). Tooth loss often precedes and accompanies the progression of development of phossy jaw (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944; Ward 1928). Tooth loss during the later stages of phossy jaw clearly results from destruction of the-bone structure supporting the teeth (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944; Legge 1920; Ward 1928). It is not known if tooth loss prior to diagnosis of phossy jaw or early in the development of the condition is related to the white phosphorus exposure. Poor dental hygiene alone can result in tooth loss, and in several case reports some of the workers were described as having poor dental hygiene (Kennon and Hallam 1944). Tooth loss followed by poor healing of the socket often precedes development of the necrosis (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944; Ward 1928), suggesting that poor dental hygiene and exposure to white phosphorus may both be contributing factors to the development of phossy jaw. In a case report, five men developed “precursor signs” (delayed healing of extracted tooth sites and residual sepsis) of phossy jaw developed following tooth extraction and occupational exposure to white phosphorus (Hughes et al. 1962). However, the condition did not develop into “classical” phossy jaw. A man was repeatedly exposed to white phosphorus pellets, placed in the right mucobuccal cavity for magic shows, for . 15 years (Jakhi et al. 1983). After . 14.5 years of this type of exposure to white phosphorus, right maxillary molars became loose, and were subsequently lost. This was followed by a lack of healing and development of fistulae in the sockets of the right maxillary molars. White phosphorus necrosis of the jaw developed, with massive necrosis of the maxilla and floor of the antrum on the right side of the mouth; perforations were present through which the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity were visible. No effects were observed on the left side of the maxilla or on the mandible. Radiographs revealed no evidence of pathology in the chest and long bones. The damage to the jaw was probably caused by direct local contact of phosphorus with the soft tissue and bone in the oral cavity. No microscopic or histological abnormalities were observed in the bone of rats treated by gavage with 0.075 mg/kg/day for 204 days (IRDC 1985). Rats exposed for a chronic duration to 0.2 mg/kg/day white phosphorus in the diet had epiphyseal line thickening and greater extension of trabeculae into the diaphysis of unspecified bones, compared to a control group (Fleming et al. 1942). This study is limited by the failure to specify incidences of effects at interval during dosing and by the failure to state the dosing duration explicitly. Bone effects were observed in children (Compere 1930a; Phemister 1918; Sontag 1938) and young animals (Adams 1938a, 1938b; Adams and Sarnat 1940; Whalen et al. 1973) following acute and intermediate oral exposure to white phosphorus. Because white phosphorus-related effects were observed in growing bones, these effects were considered developmental effects, and are discussed in. Section 2.2.2.6. Hepatic Effects. Hepatic effects have been observed in most individuals accidentally or intentionally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. These effects include jaundice (Caley and Kellock 1955; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950, 1961; Ehrentheil 1957; Greenberger et al. 1964; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; McCarron et al. 1981), hepatomegaly (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Rao and Brown 1974; Simon and Pickering 1976; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), increased levels of serum bilirubin (Caley and Kellock 1955; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981; Pietras et al. 1968), impaired liver function test results (Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), and increases in AST, ALT, and/or lactate dehydrogenase (Ehrentheil 1957; Matsumoto et al. 1972; McCarron et al. 1981; Pietras et al. 1968). In addition to these effects, autopsies or liver biopsies have revealed a number of histological alterations in these individuals. Necrosis (Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Rao and Brown 1974; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), degeneration (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Greenberger et al. 1964; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), fibrosis (Greenberger et al. 1964), hemorrhages (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), and fatty infiltration (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932) have been observed in the liver. In addition to these effects, altered prothrombin time or level has been observed in a number of individuals ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus (Caley and Kellock 1955; Dathe and Nathan 1946; Ehrentheill957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981). Prothrombin and other plasma proteins that are required for the efficient progression and regulation of blood coagulation are primarily synthesized in the liver. A deficiency of these proteins is often observed in individuals with severe liver disease. A prolongation of prothrombin time is in part due to this impaired synthesis. Liver function tests were normal in workers chronically exposed to unreported levels of airborne phosphorus (Hughes et al. 1962). Similar hepatic alterations have been observed in animals acutely exposed to white phosphorus. Increases in AST and ALT levels (Paradisi et al. 1984), impaired liver function tests (Ghoshal et al. 1969; Hurwitz 1972; Sigal et al. 1954) increased liver weight (Ghoshal et al. 1969; Seakins and Robinson 1964), increased hepatic triglyceride levels (Ghoshal et al. 1969; Pani et al. 1972; Paradisi et al. 1984; Seakins and Robinson 1964), decreased protein synthesis (Barker et al. 1963; Seakins and Robinson 1964), disaggregation of polyribosomes (Pani et al. 1972), fatty degeneration (Ghoshal et al. 1969) and necrosis (Ghoshal et al. 1969) have been observed. No NOAEL values for hepatic effects following acute animal exposure were identified. In rats, the LOAEL value for liver effects was 6 mg/kg (Barker et al. 1963); in mice it was 5 mgkglday (Hurwitz 1972); and in dogs it was 0.2 mg/kg/day (Sigal et al. 1954). The liver effects occurred shortly after dosing; 3 hours after dosing, a significant decrease in protein synthesis was observed in the liver (Barker et al. 1963), minimal hepatocytic fatty changes were observed after 4 hours (Ghoshal et al. 1969), and severe hepatocytic fatty changes were observed after 12 hours (Ghoshal et al. 1969). The following hepatic effects have been observed in animals orally exposed for an intermediate duration fatty infiltration in guinea pigs exposed to 0.75 mg/kg/day (Ashbum et al. 1948), presence of eosinophilic granules at 0.25 mg/kg/day and cirrhosis at 0.66 mg/kg/day in rabbits and guinea pigs (Mallory 1933), and fibrosis and cirrhosis in pigs exposed to 0.6 mg/kg for 5 days/week (Peterson et al. 1991). In the Peterson et al. (1991) study, no liver effects were observed after 4 weeks of exposure; after 8 weeks, there were early signs of fibrosis, and after 12 weeks, extensive fibrosis was observed. Exposure to 0.075 mg/kg/day for an intermediate duration resulted in slight-to-moderate liver necrosis in dying pregnant rats (Bio/dynamics 1991), but no hepatic effects in the surviving pregnant rats or in male rats (Bio/dynamics 1991). In another reproduction study, liver effects were not observed in dying pregnant rats exposed to 0.075 mg/kg/day (IRDC 1985). Both studies used similar exposure protocols and similar vehicles; the difference in the occurrence of liver damage between the studies cannot be explained. Renal Effects. Evidence of severe renal effects have been observed in a number of individuals intentionally or accidentally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus contained in rat (or roach) poison or fireworks. Proteinuria (Matsumoto et al. 1972; Pietras et al. 1968; Rao and Brown 1974), albuminuria (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), acetonuria (Pietras et al. 1968), increased urobilinogen (Matsumoto et al. 1972), oliguria (Dathe and Nathan 1946; McCarron et al. 1981; Rao and Brown 1974), increased blood levels of urea and/or nitrogen (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950, 1961; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968; Rao and Brown 1974; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), and increased blood creatinine levels (Dathe and Nathan 1946; McCarron et al. 1981) have been observed in these individuals. Renal insufficiency may be due to a direct toxic effect of phosphorus on the kidneys or to acute renal tubular necrosis from fluid loss and shock. Patients in shock may have a peculiar pallor and cyanosis. These probably reflect extensive cellular damage with poor perfusion of the capillary beds, and are a prognostic sign of serious health effects (Melamon et al. 1981). Several case reports have reported no alterations in kidney function (Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Greenberger et al. 1964; Simon and Pickering 1976). Histological alterations have also been observed in a number of humans ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. Fatty changes in the tubules and loop of Henle (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932) and engorged glomeruli and intratubular capillaries (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951) have been observed. Because most individuals vomited shortly after ingesting the white phosphorus or were lavaged, accurate doses cannot be calculated except for one study (Harm and Veale 1910). Histological alterations in the kidney were observed in an individual ingesting 2 mg/kg/day, but the lesion was not described. Creatinine levels were similar among unexposed workers and workers exposed to white phosphorus for chronic durations (Hughes et al. 1962). In animals, fatty infiltration in the nephron and subcapsular hemorrhages were observed in dogs acutely exposed to an unspecified amount of white phosphorus (Dwyer and Helwig 1925). No renal effects were observed in rats exposed to 0.075 mg/kg/day for an intermediate duration (Bio/dynamics 1991; IRDC 1985). No chronic exposure animal studies examining renal effects were located. Dermal Effects. Transient toxic dermatitis (described as a scalartiniform rash) developed 9 days after a man ingested a near-fatal dose of rat poison (Dathe and Nathan 1946). Edema of eyelids was reported in a 13-month-old child after ingestion of a fatal dose of white phosphorus (Rao and Brown 1974). Subcutaneous hemorrhages were visible in the left foot in a woman after consumption of 3.9 g of rat poison containing 4% phosphorus (Hann and Veale 1910). The woman died 4 days after the initial poisoning. At this time, an enormous subcutaneous hemorrhage was visible below the waist line. In this case report, the woman apparently did not expel (via vomiting) any of the ingested dose. Thus, it is likely that the ingested dose (2 mg/kg) was representative of the effective dose. Scattered blue-green petechiae were observed on the abdomen of a male child following accidental ingestion of a fatal dose of white phosphorus mixed with other ingredients from a firecracker (Humphreys and Halpert 1931). The dose level in this study could not be determined; the firecracker was a red composition of phosphorus mixed with other ingredients and was thought to contain about 10% phosphorus (Humphreys and Halpert 1931). No studies were located regarding dermal effects in animals after oral exposure to white phosphorus. Other Systemic Effects. A number of other systemic effects have been observed in humans ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. The effects that are observed most consistently are hypoglycemia (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; McCarron et al. 1981; McIntosh 1927; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), an increase in body temperature (mild pyrexia or fever) (Dathe and Nathan 1946; McIntosh 1927), and a decrease in plasma calcium, potassium, and/or sodium levels (Caley and Kellock 1955; McCarron et al. 1981; Rao and Brown 1974). It is unclear whether the fever seen is a symptom of phosphorus poisoning or a result of the treatment involved. In addition to these effects, metabolic acidosis (Rao and Brown 1974), hypothermia (Simon and Pickering 1976), damage to the spleen (Greenberger et al. 1964), ascites (Fletcher and Galambos 1963), fatty infiltration of the pancreas (Humphreys and Halpert 193 l), and necrosis of the adrenal medulla and cortex (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951) have been observed. In a child ingesting 0.083 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for an intermediate duration, decreased appetite, impaired body weight gain, and poor turgor (fullness or tension produced by the fluid content of blood vessels, capillaries, and cells) were observed (Sontag 1938). Serum glucose levels were decreased in workers occupationally exposed to white phosphorus for a chronic duration. It is likely that the workers were exposed by the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes (Ward 1928). In dogs acutely exposed to an unspecified amount of white phosphorus, hypoglycemia was observed (Williamson and Mann 1923). Rats received intermittent exposure to the atmosphere in the furnace room of a phosphorus factory for 14 months (Ruzuddinov and Rys-Uly 1986). Histology of rats killed monthly revealed progressive morphological degeneration of the tongue and oral mucosa of the cheek, gum, and hard palate. Epithelium and connective tissue from different parts of the oral cavity responded similarly to the treatment. Changes in the epithelial layer, observed after only 1 month of exposure, included increases in keratinization and numbers of cell layers, resulting in thickening and hyperkeratosis in the epithelium of the mucosa. Over time, the thickening and hyperkeratosis in the epithelium increased and histological changes were observed in the subepithelial connective tissue base. Eventually, the oral cavity contained areas of thickening of the mucosa from hyperkeratosis and increased epithelial cell layers interspersed with areas of decreased thickness of the epithelial layer due to atrophy, dystrophy, and cellular necrosis. At this time, adverse changes in the subepithelial connective tissue were considered pronounced. These effects occurred in most of the animals exposed to the atmosphere. It is likely that the observed effects of phosphorus on the oral cavity were local rather than systemic, resulting from direct contact of white phosphorus with tissues in the mouth. The study presented essentially no quantitative data, and the types and exposure levels of chemicals in the atmosphere (thought to contain elementary phosphorus and its inorganic compounds) were not reported (Ruzuddinov and Rys-Uly 1986). 2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
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DEISTVIYE VTOROYE （Vnutrennost carskovo terema v Moskovskom kremle. Pyshnaja obstanovka. Ksenija plachet nad portretom zhenikha. Tsarevich zanjat, "Knigoju bol shovo chertezha". Mamka za rukodel em） ▼KASENIJA▲ Gde ti, zhenikh moy, gde ti moy zhelanni? Vo syroy mogilke, na chuzhoy storonke lezhish odinoko pod kamnem tyazhyolym, ne vidish ti skorbi, ne slyshish ti placha, placha golubki, kak ti, odinokoy… ▼MAMKA▲ A-u! Polno, carevna-golobushka! Polno plakat da ubivat sya. ▼KASENIJA▲ Akh, grustno, mamushka, tak grustno!… ▼MAMKA▲ I, chto ti, dityatko! Devich i slyozy, chto rosá vzoydyot solnyshko rosu vysushit. Ne klinom svet soshyolsya. Naydyom my zhenikha, i prigozhevo, i privetlivovo… Zabudesh pro Ivana-korolevicha… ▼KASENIJA▲ Akh, nyet, nyet, mamushka! Ja i myortvomu budu yemu verna. ▼MAMKA▲ Vot kak! Mel kom videla, uzh isokhnula… Skuchno bilo device odnoy, polyubilsya molodec likhoy. Kak ne stalo molodca tovo, razlyubila devica yevo. `Ekh, golubka! Toto tvoyo gore! Luchshe prislushay-kas , chto ya tebe skazhu. （Pesnja pro komara） Kak komar drova rubil, komar vodu nosil, klopik testo mesil, komaru obed, nosil. Naletela strekoza na popovy, na luga u davay kutit , mutit , seno v reku vorotit . Oserchal komar, Za popov tovar, pobezhal begom za senom, stal gonyat strekoz polenom. Na komar yu na bedu to poleno sorvalos , po strekozam ne popalo, ryobra komaru slomalo. Nad podmogushku yemu ranym rano po-utru klop lopatu privolok komaru pod sami bok. Da ne vzduzhil, iznemog, komara podnyat ne smog. Zhivotochek nadorval, bogu dushen ku otdal. ▼FEODOR▲ `Ekh, mama mamushka, vot tak skazochka! Vela za zdrav e, svela za upokoy. ▼MAMKA▲ Nishto Tsarevich! Al poluchshe znayesh ? Pokhvastaykas ! My slushat terpelivy, my ved u batyushki tsarya Ivana terpen yu obuchalis . Nukas ! ▼FEODOR▲ Oy, mama! smotri, ne vyterpish , sama podtyanesh . （Igra v khljost） Skazochka pro to i pro syo, kak kurochka bichka rodila, porosyonochek yaichko snyos. Skazka poyotsya, durnyam ne dayotsya. （Vstajot, stanovitsja protiv Mamki i v techenije pesenki b jot v ladoshi, delaja po odnomu udaru na takt） Turu, turu, petushok, ti dalyoko l otoshyol? Za more, za more, k Kiyevu-gorodu. Tam dub stoyit razvesisti, na dubu sych sidit uvesisti. ▼FEODOR, MAMKA▲ Sych glazom morgnyot, sych pesni poyot （Vskakivajet） Dzin , dzin , peredzin , postriguli, pomiguli, ten , ten , poteten , za kolodu da na pen , shagom, magom, chetvertagom. ▼FEODOR▲ Kak odnazhdy popad ya zarodila vorob ya sovsem vorobey, sovsem molodoy, dlinnonosen kiy, vostronosen kiy, Poletel vorobey pryamo v gosti k sychu, ▼FEODOR, MAMKA▲ stal sheptat na ushko usatomu. ▼MAMKA▲ Parni d yakovy gorokh molotili, cepy polomali, v ovin pobrosali. Ovin zagorelsya, polymem pyshet. D yaku v okno stalo vidno yevo. ▼FEODOR, MAMKA▲ D yak ispugalsya, zalez pod kkadushku, shchemil sebe ushko; ▼FEODOR▲ Pisar s pechi oborval plechi. D yakova zhena kalachey napekla. Nabezhali pristava vse poyeli kalachi. ▼FEODOR, MAMKA▲ Sam d yak Luka s"el korovu da bika, （Vkhodit Boris） sem sot porosyat, odni nozhki visyat. ▼FEODOR▲ Khlyost! （B jot mamku po plechu. Mamka, uvidja Borisa, prisedajet k polu） ▼MAMKA▲ Akhti! ▼BORIS▲ Chevo? Al lyuti zver nasedku vspolokhnul? ▼MAMKA▲ Tsar -gosudar , pomiluy! Pod starost -to pugliva bol no stala. ▼BORIS▲ Chto, Kseniya? Chto bednaya golubka! V nevestakh uzh pechal naya vdovica! Vsyo plachesh ti o myortvom zhenikhe. ▼KASENIJA▲ O, gosudar ! Ne ogorchaysya ti slezoy devich ey! Devich e gore tak legko, nichtozhno pered tvoyeyu skorb yu. ▼BORIS▲ Ditya moyo! Moya golubka! Besedoy tyoployu s podrugami v svetlice rasey svoy um ot dum tyazhyolykh. Idi, ditya! （Ksenija ukhodit s mamkoj. Boris smotrit vosled docheri.） A ti, moy syn, chem zanyat? `Eto chto? ▼FEODOR▲ Chertyozh zemli Moskovskoy, nashe carstvo iz kraya v kray. Vot vidish （Pokazyvaja po bol shomu chertezhu） Vot Moskva, vot Novgorod, a vot Kazan , Astrakhan , Vot more, Kaspiy more, vot Permskiye dremuchiye lesa, a vot Sibir . ▼BORIS▲ Kak khorosho, moy syn! Kak s oblakov yedinym vzorom ti mozhesh obozret vsyo tsarstvo granicy, reki, grady. Uchis , Feodor! Kogda-nibud , i skoro, mozhet bit , tebe vsyo `eto carstvo dostanetsya. Uchis , ditya!… （Idjot k stolu i saditsja v razdum i, perebiraja svitki i pergamenty.） Dostig ya vyshey vlasti. Shestoy uzh god ya carstvuyu spokoyno. No schast ya nyet moyey izmuchennoy dushe. Naprasno mne kudesniki sulyat dni dolgiye, dni vlasti bezmyatezhnoy. Ni zhizn , ni vlast , ni slavy obol shchen ya, ni kliki tolpy menya ne veselyat. V sem e svoyey ya mnil nayti otradu, gotovil docheri vesyoli brachni pir, moyey carevne, golubke chistoy. Kak burya, smert unosit zhenikha… Tyazhka desnica groznovo sudii, uzhasen prigovor dushe prestupnoy… Okrest lish t ma i mrak neproglyadni… Khotya mel knul bi luch otrady! I skorb yu serdce polno, toskuyet, tomitsya dukh ustali, kakoy-to trepet tayni… vsyo zhdyosh chevo-to… Molitvoy tyoploy k ugodnikam bozh im ya mnil zaglushit dushi stradan ya… V velich e i bleske vlasti bezgranichnoy, Rusi vladyka, u nikh ya slyoz prosil mne v uteshen e. A tam donos, boyar kramoly, kozni Litvy i taynye podkopy, glad i mor, i truc, i razoren e… Slovno dikiy zver , ryshchet lyud zachumlenni, golodnaya, bednaya stonet Rus !… I ya lyutom gore, nisposlannom bogom za tyazhkiy moy grekh v ispytan e, vinoy vsekh zol menya narekayut, klyanut na ploshchadyakh imya Borisa! I dazhe son bezhit, i v sumrake nochi ditya okrovavlyonnoye vstayot. Ochi pylayut, stisnuv ruchyonki, molit poshchady… I ne bilo poshchady! Strashnaya rana ziyayet, slyshitsya krik yevo predsmertni. O, gospodi, bozhe moy! ▼MAMKI▲ （za scenoj） Ay! Kysh! ▼BORIS▲ Chto takoye? ▼MAMKI▲ （za scenoj） Ay! Kysh! Akhti! ▼BORIS▲ （Synu, gnevno） Uznay, chto tam sluchilos . `Ekh, voyut-to! （Vkhodit blizhnij bojar） Ty zachem? Chto zh molchish ? ▼BOJAR▲ Velikiy gosudar ! Tebe knyaz Vasiliy Shúyski chelom b yot. ▼BORIS▲ Shúyski? Zovi! Skazhi, chto rady videt knyazya i zhdyom yevo besedy. ▼BOJAR▲ （Pripodnimajetsja i shepchet na ukho Borisu） Vechor Pushkina kholop prishyol s donosom na Shuyskovo, Mstislavskovo i prochikh, i na khozyaina… Noch yu taynaya beseda shla u nikh. Gonec iz Krakova priyekhal i privyoz… ▼BORIS▲ Gontsa skhvatit ! （Bojar ukhodit） Aga, Shúyski knyaz !… （Feodor vkhodit） Nu, chto? ▼FEODOR▲ Neprigozhe bilo b, otche-gosudar , um tvoy derzhavni utruzhdat raskazom vzdornym. ▼BORIS▲ Nyet, nyet, ditya! Vsyo, slyshish , vsyo, kak bilo. （Feodor opuskajetsja, sklonjajas na koleno Borisa. Boris laskajet syna） ▼FEODOR▲ Popin ka nash sidel s mamkami v svetlice, bez umolku boltal, vesel bil i laskov. K mamushkam podkhodil, prosil chesat golovku, k kazhdoy on podkhodil, cheryod im soblyudaya. Mamka Nastas ya chesat ne zakhotyela, Popin ka oserchal, nazval mamku duroy. Mamka s obidy chto l , khvat yevo po sheyke; popka kak zakrichit, dybom vstavli per ya. Nu yevo ublazhat , ugoshchat yevo slastyami, vsem prichetom molit , laskat yevo, pokoyit . Da nyet, ne tut-to bilo! Khmuri takoy sidit, nos utknuvshi v per ya, na slasti ne glyadit, chto-to vsyo bormochet… Vdrug k mamke podskochil, chesat chto ne khotyela, davay yeyo dolbit , ta i grokhnulasya ob pol. Tut mamki so strastey slovno vzbelenilis , stali makhat , krichat , popin ku zagnat khoteli. Da ne vprosak, popka kazhduyu otmetil. Vot, otche gosudar , oni, glyadish , i vzvyli, dumu carskuyu tvoyu dumat pomeshali. Vot, kazhis , i vsyo, vsyo, kak bilo. ▼BORIS▲ Moy syn, ditya moyo rodnoye! S kakim iskustvom, kak boyko ti vyol svoy raskaz ravdivi. Kak prosto, beskhitrostno, lovko symel opisat sluchay nichtozhni. Vot sladkiy plod uchen ya, istiny svetom uma okrylen e. O, yesli bi tebia ya mog tsaryom uvidet , Rusi pravitelem derzhavnym! O s kakim vostorgom, prezrev soblazny vlasti, na to blazhenstvo ya promenyal bi posokh carskiy! （Vkhodit Shúyski） ▼SHÚYSKI▲ Velikiy gosudar , chelom b yu. ▼BORIS▲ A preslavni vitiya! Dostoyni konovod tolpy bezmozgloy, prestupnaya glava boyar kramol nykh, carskovo prestola supostat, nagli lzhec, trizhdy klyatvu prestupivshiy, khitri licemer, l stec lukavi, prosvirnya pod shapkoyu boyarskoy, obmanshchik, plut! ▼SHÚYSKI▲ （Priblizhajas k Borisu） Tsar ! Jest vesti, i vesti vazhnye dlya carstva tvoyevo. ▼BORIS▲ Ne tel , chto Pushkinu, ili tebe tam, chto l , privyoz gonec potayni ot sopriyateley boyar opal nykh? ▼SHÚYSKI▲ Da, gosudar ! V Litve yavilsya samozvanec; korol , pany i papa za nevo! ▼BORIS▲ （Pripodnimajas , trevozhno） Ch im zhe imenem na nas on opolchit sya vzdumal?… Ch yo imya negodyay ukral? Ch yo imya? ▼SHÚYSKI▲ Konechno, tsar , sil na tvoya derzhava, ti milost yu, raden em i shchedrotoy usynovil serdca svoyikh rabov, dushoyu predannykh prestolu tvoyemu. Khotya i bol no mne, velikiy gosudar , khotya i krov yu moyo serdce obol yotsya, a ot tebia skryvat ne smeyu, chto, yesli derzosti ispolnenni brodyaga s Litvy granicu nashu pereydyot, k nemu tolpu, bit mozhet, privlechyot Dimitriya voskresnuvsheye imya. ▼BORIS▲ Dimitriya… tsarevich, udalis ! ▼FEODOR▲ O, gosudar , dozvol mne pri tebe ostat sya, u znat bedu, grozyashchuyu prestolu tvoyemu. ▼BORIS▲ Nel zya… nel zya, ditya! Tsarevich! Tsarevich, povinuysya! （Feodor ukhodit. Boris idjot vsled za synom, zapirajet za nim dver , potom bystro podkhodit k Shujskomu） Vzyat mery sey zhe chas, chtob ot Litvy Rus ogradilas zastavami, chtob ni odna dusha ne pereshla za `etu gran … Stupay! Nyet, postoy, postoy, Shúyski! Slykhal li ti kogda-nibud , chtob deti myortvye iz groba vykhodili… doprashivat tsarey… tsarey zakonnykh… izbrannykkh vsenarodno, uvenchannykh velikim patriarkhom? Kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha! Chto? … Smeshno? （Khvatajet Shujskovo za vorot） Chto zh ne smeyosh sya? A?… ▼SHÚYSKI▲ Pomiluy, velikiy gosudar ! ▼BORIS▲ Slushay, knyaz ! Kogda velikoye svershilos zlodeyan e, kogda bezvremenno malyutka pogib, malyutka tot… pogibshiy… bil Dimitriy? ▼SHÚYSKI▲ On! ▼BORIS▲ Vasiliy Ivanych! Krestom tebia i bogom zaklinayu po sovesti vsyu pravdu mne skazhi. Ty znayesh , ya milostiv. No yesli ti khitrish , klyanus tebe! Pridumayu ya zluyu kazn , takuyu kazn , chto tsar Ivan ot uzhasa vo grobe sodrognyotsya!… Otveta zhdu! ▼SHÚYSKI▲ Ne kazn strashna, strashna tvoya nemilost . V Ugliche, v sobore pred vsem narodom, pyat slishkom dney ya trup mladenca poseshchal. Vokrug nevo trinadcat tel lezhalo, obezobrazhennykh, v krovi, v lokhmot yakh gryaznykh; i po nim uzh tleniye zametno prostupalo. No detskiy lik carevicha bil svetel, chist i yasen. Glubokaya, strashnaya ziyala rana, a na ustakh yevo neporochnykh u lybka chudnaya igrala. Kazalosya, v svoyey on kolybel ke spokoyno spit, slozhivshi ruchki i pravoy krepko szhav igrushku detskuyu… ▼BORIS▲ Dovol no! （Dajot znak Shujskomu ydalit sja. Shúyski ukhodit, ogljadyvajas na Borisa. Boris opuskajetsja v kreslo） Uf, tyazhelo! Day dukh perevedu… Ja chuvstvoval, vsya krov mne kinulas v lico i tyazhko opuskalas . O, sovest lyutaya, kak tyazhko ti karayesh ! （Chasy s kurantami prikhodjat v dvizhenije） Jezheli v tebie pyatno yedinoye… yedinoye sluchayno zavelosya, dusha sgorit, nal yotsya serdce yadom, tak tyazhko, tyazhko stanet, chto molotom stuchit v ushakh ukorom i proklyat em… I dushit chto-to… dushit… i golova kruzhitsya… i viditsya v glazakh… ditya okrovavlennoye! Von… von tam… chto `eto?… Tam v uglu?… Kolyshetsya, rastyot… Blizitsya… drozhit i stonet… Chur, chur! Ne ya… ne ya tvoy likhodey… Chur!… chur, ditya!… Nyet, nye ya… volya naroda!… Chur, ditya… Gospodi! Ty ne khochesh smerti greshnika; Pomiluy dushu prestupnovo tsarya Borisa! DEISTVIYE VTOROYE Vnutrennost carskovo terema v Moskovskom kremle. Pyshnaja obstanovka. Ksenija plachet nad portretom zhenikha. Tsarevich zanjat, "Knigoju bol shovo chertezha". Mamka za rukodel em KASENIJA Gde ti, zhenikh moy, gde ti moy zhelanni? Vo syroy mogilke, na chuzhoy storonke lezhish odinoko pod kamnem tyazhyolym, ne vidish ti skorbi, ne slyshish ti placha, placha golubki, kak ti, odinokoy… MAMKA A-u! Polno, carevna-golobushka! Polno plakat da ubivat sya. KASENIJA Akh, grustno, mamushka, tak grustno!… MAMKA I, chto ti, dityatko! Devich i slyozy, chto rosá vzoydyot solnyshko rosu vysushit. Ne klinom svet soshyolsya. Naydyom my zhenikha, i prigozhevo, i privetlivovo… Zabudesh pro Ivana-korolevicha… KASENIJA Akh, nyet, nyet, mamushka! Ja i myortvomu budu yemu verna. MAMKA Vot kak! Mel kom videla, uzh isokhnula… Skuchno bilo device odnoy, polyubilsya molodec likhoy. Kak ne stalo molodca tovo, razlyubila devica yevo. `Ekh, golubka! Toto tvoyo gore! Luchshe prislushay-kas , chto ya tebe skazhu. Pesnja pro komara Kak komar drova rubil, komar vodu nosil, klopik testo mesil, komaru obed, nosil. Naletela strekoza na popovy, na luga u davay kutit , mutit , seno v reku vorotit . Oserchal komar, Za popov tovar, pobezhal begom za senom, stal gonyat strekoz polenom. Na komar yu na bedu to poleno sorvalos , po strekozam ne popalo, ryobra komaru slomalo. Nad podmogushku yemu ranym rano po-utru klop lopatu privolok komaru pod sami bok. Da ne vzduzhil, iznemog, komara podnyat ne smog. Zhivotochek nadorval, bogu dushen ku otdal. FEODOR `Ekh, mama mamushka, vot tak skazochka! Vela za zdrav e, svela za upokoy. MAMKA Nishto Tsarevich! Al poluchshe znayesh ? Pokhvastaykas ! My slushat terpelivy, my ved u batyushki tsarya Ivana terpen yu obuchalis . Nukas ! FEODOR Oy, mama! smotri, ne vyterpish , sama podtyanesh . Igra v khljost Skazochka pro to i pro syo, kak kurochka bichka rodila, porosyonochek yaichko snyos. Skazka poyotsya, durnyam ne dayotsya. {Vstajot, stanovitsja protiv Mamki i v techenije pesenki b jot v ladoshi, delaja po odnomu udaru na takt} Turu, turu, petushok, ti dalyoko l otoshyol? Za more, za more, k Kiyevu-gorodu. Tam dub stoyit razvesisti, na dubu sych sidit uvesisti. FEODOR, MAMKA Sych glazom morgnyot, sych pesni poyot Vskakivajet Dzin , dzin , peredzin , postriguli, pomiguli, ten , ten , poteten , za kolodu da na pen , shagom, magom, chetvertagom. FEODOR Kak odnazhdy popad ya zarodila vorob ya sovsem vorobey, sovsem molodoy, dlinnonosen kiy, vostronosen kiy, Poletel vorobey pryamo v gosti k sychu, FEODOR, MAMKA stal sheptat na ushko usatomu. MAMKA Parni d yakovy gorokh molotili, cepy polomali, v ovin pobrosali. Ovin zagorelsya, polymem pyshet. D yaku v okno stalo vidno yevo. FEODOR, MAMKA D yak ispugalsya, zalez pod kkadushku, shchemil sebe ushko; FEODOR Pisar s pechi oborval plechi. D yakova zhena kalachey napekla. Nabezhali pristava vse poyeli kalachi. FEODOR, MAMKA Sam d yak Luka s"el korovu da bika, Vkhodit Boris sem sot porosyat, odni nozhki visyat. FEODOR Khlyost! B jot mamku po plechu. Mamka, uvidja Borisa, prisedajet k polu MAMKA Akhti! BORIS Chevo? Al lyuti zver nasedku vspolokhnul? MAMKA Tsar -gosudar , pomiluy! Pod starost -to pugliva bol no stala. BORIS Chto, Kseniya? Chto bednaya golubka! V nevestakh uzh pechal naya vdovica! Vsyo plachesh ti o myortvom zhenikhe. KASENIJA O, gosudar ! Ne ogorchaysya ti slezoy devich ey! Devich e gore tak legko, nichtozhno pered tvoyeyu skorb yu. BORIS Ditya moyo! Moya golubka! Besedoy tyoployu s podrugami v svetlice rasey svoy um ot dum tyazhyolykh. Idi, ditya! Ksenija ukhodit s mamkoj. Boris smotrit vosled docheri. A ti, moy syn, chem zanyat? `Eto chto? FEODOR Chertyozh zemli Moskovskoy, nashe carstvo iz kraya v kray. Vot vidish Pokazyvaja po bol shomu chertezhu Vot Moskva, vot Novgorod, a vot Kazan , Astrakhan , Vot more, Kaspiy more, vot Permskiye dremuchiye lesa, a vot Sibir . BORIS Kak khorosho, moy syn! Kak s oblakov yedinym vzorom ti mozhesh obozret vsyo tsarstvo granicy, reki, grady. Uchis , Feodor! Kogda-nibud , i skoro, mozhet bit , tebe vsyo `eto carstvo dostanetsya. Uchis , ditya!… Idjot k stolu i saditsja v razdum i, perebiraja svitki i pergamenty. Dostig ya vyshey vlasti. Shestoy uzh god ya carstvuyu spokoyno. No schast ya nyet moyey izmuchennoy dushe. Naprasno mne kudesniki sulyat dni dolgiye, dni vlasti bezmyatezhnoy. Ni zhizn , ni vlast , ni slavy obol shchen ya, ni kliki tolpy menya ne veselyat. V sem e svoyey ya mnil nayti otradu, gotovil docheri vesyoli brachni pir, moyey carevne, golubke chistoy. Kak burya, smert unosit zhenikha… Tyazhka desnica groznovo sudii, uzhasen prigovor dushe prestupnoy… Okrest lish t ma i mrak neproglyadni… Khotya mel knul bi luch otrady! I skorb yu serdce polno, toskuyet, tomitsya dukh ustali, kakoy-to trepet tayni… vsyo zhdyosh chevo-to… Molitvoy tyoploy k ugodnikam bozh im ya mnil zaglushit dushi stradan ya… V velich e i bleske vlasti bezgranichnoy, Rusi vladyka, u nikh ya slyoz prosil mne v uteshen e. A tam donos, boyar kramoly, kozni Litvy i taynye podkopy, glad i mor, i truc, i razoren e… Slovno dikiy zver , ryshchet lyud zachumlenni, golodnaya, bednaya stonet Rus !… I ya lyutom gore, nisposlannom bogom za tyazhkiy moy grekh v ispytan e, vinoy vsekh zol menya narekayut, klyanut na ploshchadyakh imya Borisa! I dazhe son bezhit, i v sumrake nochi ditya okrovavlyonnoye vstayot. Ochi pylayut, stisnuv ruchyonki, molit poshchady… I ne bilo poshchady! Strashnaya rana ziyayet, slyshitsya krik yevo predsmertni. O, gospodi, bozhe moy! MAMKI za scenoj Ay! Kysh! BORIS Chto takoye? MAMKI za scenoj Ay! Kysh! Akhti! BORIS Synu, gnevno Uznay, chto tam sluchilos . `Ekh, voyut-to! Vkhodit blizhnij bojar Ty zachem? Chto zh molchish ? BOJAR Velikiy gosudar ! Tebe knyaz Vasiliy Shúyski chelom b yot. BORIS Shúyski? Zovi! Skazhi, chto rady videt knyazya i zhdyom yevo besedy. BOJAR Pripodnimajetsja i shepchet na ukho Borisu Vechor Pushkina kholop prishyol s donosom na Shuyskovo, Mstislavskovo i prochikh, i na khozyaina… Noch yu taynaya beseda shla u nikh. Gonec iz Krakova priyekhal i privyoz… BORIS Gontsa skhvatit ! Bojar ukhodit Aga, Shúyski knyaz !… Feodor vkhodit Nu, chto? FEODOR Neprigozhe bilo b, otche-gosudar , um tvoy derzhavni utruzhdat raskazom vzdornym. BORIS Nyet, nyet, ditya! Vsyo, slyshish , vsyo, kak bilo. Feodor opuskajetsja, sklonjajas na koleno Borisa. Boris laskajet syna FEODOR Popin ka nash sidel s mamkami v svetlice, bez umolku boltal, vesel bil i laskov. K mamushkam podkhodil, prosil chesat golovku, k kazhdoy on podkhodil, cheryod im soblyudaya. Mamka Nastas ya chesat ne zakhotyela, Popin ka oserchal, nazval mamku duroy. Mamka s obidy chto l , khvat yevo po sheyke; popka kak zakrichit, dybom vstavli per ya. Nu yevo ublazhat , ugoshchat yevo slastyami, vsem prichetom molit , laskat yevo, pokoyit . Da nyet, ne tut-to bilo! Khmuri takoy sidit, nos utknuvshi v per ya, na slasti ne glyadit, chto-to vsyo bormochet… Vdrug k mamke podskochil, chesat chto ne khotyela, davay yeyo dolbit , ta i grokhnulasya ob pol. Tut mamki so strastey slovno vzbelenilis , stali makhat , krichat , popin ku zagnat khoteli. Da ne vprosak, popka kazhduyu otmetil. Vot, otche gosudar , oni, glyadish , i vzvyli, dumu carskuyu tvoyu dumat pomeshali. Vot, kazhis , i vsyo, vsyo, kak bilo. BORIS Moy syn, ditya moyo rodnoye! S kakim iskustvom, kak boyko ti vyol svoy raskaz ravdivi. Kak prosto, beskhitrostno, lovko symel opisat sluchay nichtozhni. Vot sladkiy plod uchen ya, istiny svetom uma okrylen e. O, yesli bi tebia ya mog tsaryom uvidet , Rusi pravitelem derzhavnym! O s kakim vostorgom, prezrev soblazny vlasti, na to blazhenstvo ya promenyal bi posokh carskiy! Vkhodit Shúyski SHÚYSKI Velikiy gosudar , chelom b yu. BORIS A preslavni vitiya! Dostoyni konovod tolpy bezmozgloy, prestupnaya glava boyar kramol nykh, carskovo prestola supostat, nagli lzhec, trizhdy klyatvu prestupivshiy, khitri licemer, l stec lukavi, prosvirnya pod shapkoyu boyarskoy, obmanshchik, plut! SHÚYSKI Priblizhajas k Borisu Tsar ! Jest vesti, i vesti vazhnye dlya carstva tvoyevo. BORIS Ne tel , chto Pushkinu, ili tebe tam, chto l , privyoz gonec potayni ot sopriyateley boyar opal nykh? SHÚYSKI Da, gosudar ! V Litve yavilsya samozvanec; korol , pany i papa za nevo! BORIS Pripodnimajas , trevozhno Ch im zhe imenem na nas on opolchit sya vzdumal?… Ch yo imya negodyay ukral? Ch yo imya? SHÚYSKI Konechno, tsar , sil na tvoya derzhava, ti milost yu, raden em i shchedrotoy usynovil serdca svoyikh rabov, dushoyu predannykh prestolu tvoyemu. Khotya i bol no mne, velikiy gosudar , khotya i krov yu moyo serdce obol yotsya, a ot tebia skryvat ne smeyu, chto, yesli derzosti ispolnenni brodyaga s Litvy granicu nashu pereydyot, k nemu tolpu, bit mozhet, privlechyot Dimitriya voskresnuvsheye imya. BORIS Dimitriya… tsarevich, udalis ! FEODOR O, gosudar , dozvol mne pri tebe ostat sya, u znat bedu, grozyashchuyu prestolu tvoyemu. BORIS Nel zya… nel zya, ditya! Tsarevich! Tsarevich, povinuysya! Feodor ukhodit. Boris idjot vsled za synom, zapirajet za nim dver , potom bystro podkhodit k Shujskomu Vzyat mery sey zhe chas, chtob ot Litvy Rus ogradilas zastavami, chtob ni odna dusha ne pereshla za `etu gran … Stupay! Nyet, postoy, postoy, Shúyski! Slykhal li ti kogda-nibud , chtob deti myortvye iz groba vykhodili… doprashivat tsarey… tsarey zakonnykh… izbrannykkh vsenarodno, uvenchannykh velikim patriarkhom? Kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha! Chto? … Smeshno? Khvatajet Shujskovo za vorot Chto zh ne smeyosh sya? A?… SHÚYSKI Pomiluy, velikiy gosudar ! BORIS Slushay, knyaz ! Kogda velikoye svershilos zlodeyan e, kogda bezvremenno malyutka pogib, malyutka tot… pogibshiy… bil Dimitriy? SHÚYSKI On! BORIS Vasiliy Ivanych! Krestom tebia i bogom zaklinayu po sovesti vsyu pravdu mne skazhi. Ty znayesh , ya milostiv. No yesli ti khitrish , klyanus tebe! Pridumayu ya zluyu kazn , takuyu kazn , chto tsar Ivan ot uzhasa vo grobe sodrognyotsya!… Otveta zhdu! SHÚYSKI Ne kazn strashna, strashna tvoya nemilost . V Ugliche, v sobore pred vsem narodom, pyat slishkom dney ya trup mladenca poseshchal. Vokrug nevo trinadcat tel lezhalo, obezobrazhennykh, v krovi, v lokhmot yakh gryaznykh; i po nim uzh tleniye zametno prostupalo. No detskiy lik carevicha bil svetel, chist i yasen. Glubokaya, strashnaya ziyala rana, a na ustakh yevo neporochnykh u lybka chudnaya igrala. Kazalosya, v svoyey on kolybel ke spokoyno spit, slozhivshi ruchki i pravoy krepko szhav igrushku detskuyu… BORIS Dovol no! Dajot znak Shujskomu ydalit sja. Shúyski ukhodit, ogljadyvajas na Borisa. Boris opuskajetsja v kreslo Uf, tyazhelo! Day dukh perevedu… Ja chuvstvoval, vsya krov mne kinulas v lico i tyazhko opuskalas . O, sovest lyutaya, kak tyazhko ti karayesh ! Chasy s kurantami prikhodjat v dvizhenije Jezheli v tebie pyatno yedinoye… yedinoye sluchayno zavelosya, dusha sgorit, nal yotsya serdce yadom, tak tyazhko, tyazhko stanet, chto molotom stuchit v ushakh ukorom i proklyat em… I dushit chto-to… dushit… i golova kruzhitsya… i viditsya v glazakh… ditya okrovavlennoye! Von… von tam… chto `eto?… Tam v uglu?… Kolyshetsya, rastyot… Blizitsya… drozhit i stonet… Chur, chur! Ne ya… ne ya tvoy likhodey… Chur!… chur, ditya!… Nyet, nye ya… volya naroda!… Chur, ditya… Gospodi! Ty ne khochesh smerti greshnika; Pomiluy dushu prestupnovo tsarya Borisa! Mussorgsky,Modest/Boris Godunov/III
https://w.atwiki.jp/orange_sherbet/pages/33.html
Social Interaction Definition The way people interact with each other. This includes ways of communcation, how people share physical space, and what they do in the presnse of others. Analysis The Continuity of Relationships in Japan Japanese people tend to perceive that once a relationship has been established, it will continue on forever. Relationships that end are considered to be failed relationships. The Japanese tend to be very cautious to not create disharmonies in relationships, and this is connected to the implicit, non-verbal, high-context atmosphere present in Japanese society. This can be very stressful to foreigners who come from low-context based cultures, where little is implicit and there is no hestation in being direct. For example, Californians tend to make friends easily, and have no concern at all about weather or not the relationship will continue. Spaces for Social Interaction The way in which Japanese people and foreigners spend time with each other varies greatly depending on their environment. Because ICU is located in the metropolis of Tokyo, ICU students main choice of locations for hanging out are city locations. This means going to bars, karaoke, izakayas or to clubs. Japanese people live in tiny apartments, and because houses in Tokyo are so rare, it is uncommon for people to gather in someone s home. This is of great surprise to many of the OYR s, who have spent their college years going to house or dorm parties. Many foreigners become frustrated at the lack of "things to do" despite the fact that they live in Tokyo. Living in a large city is also a new experience for many of the OYRs, who find they have conflicting intrests with their Japanese friends who have already adjusted to city life. Ways of Spending Time ICU students s priorities are completely different from those of their foreign counterparts! While foreign college students place a huge emphasis on partying or just having fun, ICU students place a much greater and more time-consuming emphasis on their studies. Examples Excuses ICU students do not have the time to get in touch with one another because of time constraints. From the American s point of view, ICU students tend to use their lack of time as an excuse to avoid certain social situations. College students in America also condsider themselves busy, but rather than use this as an exuse to not go, it encourages them to work harder to make time to play, even if they dont actually have that time. Physical Difficulty Lack of transportation causes problems for ICU students. Since the last train for the Chuo line comes earlier than that of Yamanote line and also the last bus from ICU leaves before 12pm, people cannot hold parties until midnight. In addition, because ICU is in an urban area, ICU students are not allowed to come to school by car. Therefore, the train and bus scheudles are of great importance to those who do not live close enough to come by bike. However, in most of the American universities, students have cars or live on campus/near enough to campus to simply walk home after parties or other activities that may run late. Commuting from home There are many peple who commute from their home to ICU everyday. Almost half of the students at ICU are from the Tokyo area; therefore, lots of students live with their parents. Not only does this cause physical difficuties related to distance but also the issue of where to eat dinner. Sharing meals is a key component when it comes to informal social interaction, especially at the college level. Those who live at home always have dinner waiting for them if they chose not to go out, and this causes a conflict between Curfew Problem Curfews are very common in Japan, for those in dorms and those living at home. While the curfew may be at a reasonable time, because of commute time, many students have to leave activities earlier than what most OYR students consider normal. The dorm curfews also mean that dorm parties are definitely not possible. Solution The Japanse way of making friends is stressful, however, this is the Japanese style. This style and society are based on the Japanese sense of values. Young Japanese people who are aware of this have a choice to make when they are in a situation to create new friends, They can follow the traditional Japanese relationship values, or take on a new perspective more in tune with that of most OYRs at ICU. ICU students may not be able to change into this style. If ICU students change their style of making new friends, then they leave behind much of their Japanese identity, and this will probably cause tension when trying to make friends with other Japanese people. The important fact is to know one s own style and to be aware that someone else s style may be different. For example, when a Japanese person meets an American person for the first time, the Japanese person may think that "She must have come from the US, so her style may be making friends more directly" At the same time, the American person may think that "She is Japanese, so she might get to know me in the maainotsumekata (間合いの詰め方) approach style." By knowing each others style, it is possible to prevent misunderstandings. Thinking about another style in this way is truely international communication. However, instead of saying that Japanese people "should change the style," it is better to say that people should not deny the different styles Denying would lead to opposition. Good intercultural communication cannot be established if one side denies the other culture. Mutual understanding of each other s culture is the most important thing. The ways to make friends are different for each person, so to accept variety is necessary. Edit this page
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* ethike arete（アリストテレス）の訳語として Denis Diderot, Encyclopédie, XII, 1765, 365, art. PÉRIPATECIENNE Philosophie, ou Philosophie d Aristote, ou Aristotélisme. 8. Il est un milieu qui constitue la vertu morale en tout. Vertu chrétienneとの対比、併記 Dictionnaire de l Académie française, 1st Edition (1694), art. vertu. Vertu, sign. aussi, Une habitude de l ame, qui la porte à faire le bien, a fuir le mal. Vertu chrestienne. vertu morale. vertu intellectuelle. vertus naturelles. vertus acquises. vertus surnaturelles, ou infuses. les vertus des Payens. les quatre vertus cardinales. les trois vertus Theologales. vertu sublime, rare, éminente, heroique, solide. esprouvée. vertu de chasteté, d humilité, de continence. les vertus Royales. vertus militaires. des semences de vertu. c est un homme, une femme de vertu, de grande, de haute vertu. instruire, former à la vertu. s avancer dans le chemin de la vertu. l amour de la vertu. embrasser la vertu. faire profession d honneur de vertu. exemple de vertu, miroir de vertu. on a mis sa vertu à l espreuve. exercer sa vertu. Dictionnaire de l Académie française, 4th Edition (1762), art. moral. On appelle Vertus morales, Celles qui ont pour principe les seules lumières de la raison. Il ne suffit pas d avoir les vertus morales, il faut encore avoir les vertus chrétiennes. 1stの見出し語moralには、この記述なし Denis Diderot, Encyclopédie, III, 1753, 205, art. CHÉRITÉ. Les uns les autres traitent d erreur le rigorisme de ceux dont nous avons parlé d abord, qui font des péchés de toute action qui n a pas le motif de charité; ils enseignent dans l église, que les actions faites par le motif de la foi, de l espérance ou de la crainte de Dieu, loin d être des péchés, sont des oeuvres méritoires ils vont plus loin; celles qui n ont même pour principe que la vertu morale, sont bonnes loüables selon eux, quoique non méritoires pour le salut. Voy. Grace, Vertu morale, Contrition, c. 参照指示はされているものの、項目「Vertu morale」が書かれることはなかった。 Lefebvre, Encyclopédie, VII, 1757, 797, art. Gouverneur d un jeune homme, Puisque les rois sont hommes avant que d être rois, il faut commencer par leur inspirer toutes les vertus morales chrétiennes, également nécessaires à tous les hommes. Pour accoûtumer le jeune prince à regler ses goûts sur la raison, il faut qu au moins dans son enfance il reconnoisse la subordination. Il ne faut pas que dès qu il est né tout le monde prenne ses ordres, jusqu aux personnes préposées à son éducation; il ne faut pas qu on applaudisse à ses fantaisies, ni qu on lui dise, comme font les courtisans, qu il est un dieu sur la terre; il faut au contraire lui apprendre que les rois ne sont pas faits d un autre limon que le reste des hommes; qu ils leur sont égaux en foiblesse dès leur entrée dans le monde, égaux en infirmités pendant tout le cours de leur vie; vils comme eux devant Dieu au jour du jugement, condamnables comme eux pour leurs vices pour leurs crimes; qu en un mot l Être suprème n a point créé le genre humain pour le plaisir particulier de quelques douzaines de familles. 貞潔chasteté Denis Diderot, Encyclopédie, III, 1753, 233, art. CHASTETÉ CHASTETÉ, est une vertu morale par laquelle nous modérons les desirs déreglés de la chair. Parmi les appétits que nous avons reçus de la nature, un des plus violens est celui qui porte un sexe vers l autre appétit qui nous est commun avec les animaux, de quelque espece qu ils soient; car la nature n a pas moins veillé à la conservation des animaux, qu à celle de l homme; à la conservation des animaux mal-faisans, qu à celle des animaux que nous appellons bienfaisans. Mais il est arrivé parmi les hommes, cet animal par excellence, ce qu on n a jamais remarqué parmi les autres animaux; c est de tromper la nature, en joüissant du plaisir qu elle a attaché à la propagation de l espece humaine, en négligeant le but de cet attrait; c est-là précisément ce qui constitue l essence de l impureté par conséquent l essence de la vertu opposée consistera à mettre sagement à profit ce qu on aura recu de la nature, à ne jamais séparer la fin des moyens. La chasteté aura donc lieu hors le mariage, dans le mariage dans le mariage, en satisfaisant à tout ce que la nature exige de nous, que la religion les lois de l état ont autorisé; dans le célibat, en résistant à l impulsion de la nature qui nous pressant sans égard pour les tems, les lieux, les circonstances, les usages, le culte, les coûtumes, les lois, nous entraîneroit à des actions proscrites. 節制continence Denis Diderot, Encyclopédie, IV, 1754, 113, art. CONTINENCE. CONTINENCE, s. f. vertu morale par laquelle nous résistons aux impulsions de la chair. Il semble qu il y a entre la chasteté la continence cette différence, qu il n en coûte aucun effort pour être chaste, que c est une des suites naturelles de l innocence; au lieu que la continence paroît être le fruit d une victoire remportée sur soi-même. Je pense que l homme chaste ne remarque en lui aucun mouvement d esprit, de coeur, de corps, qui soit opposé à la pureté; qu au contraire l état de l homme continent est d être tourmenté par ces mouvemens, d y résister d où il s ensuivroit qu il y auroit réellement plus de mérite à être continent, qu à être chaste. La chasteté tient beaucoup à la tranquillité du tempérament, la continence à l empire qu on a acquis sur sa fougue. Le cas qu on fait de cette vertu n est pas indifférent dans un état populaire. Si les hommes les femmes affichent l incontinence publiquement, ce vice se répandra sur tout, même sur le goût mais ce qui s en ressentira particulierement, c est la propagation de l espece, qui diminuera nécessairement à proportion que ce vice augmentera; il ne faut que réfléchir un moment sur sa nature, pour trouver des causes physiques morales de cet effet. 信仰foi author unknown, Encyclopédie,VII, 1757, 23. Foi, (Iconol.) la foi comme vertu morale est représentée sous la figure d une femme vêtue de blanc, ou sous la figure de deux jeunes filles se donnant la main. Comme vertu chrétienne, elle est représentée par les Catholiques tenant un livre ouvert d une main, de l autre une croix ou un calice d où il sort une hostie rayonnante. 名誉honneur、敬虔piété、信仰foi Louis de Jaucourt, Encyclopédie, XIV, 1765, 586, art. SALUS. SALUS, déesse, (Mythol.) Les Romains avoient personnifié déifié non-seulement les vertus morales, comme l honneur, la piété, la foi, c. mais aussi toutes les choses utiles, comme la concorde, la paix, la liberté, enfin la conservation de l empire sous le nom de la déesse Salus. AEdes cereris salutis, de coelo tactoe, comme dit Tite-Live. Son temple avoit été bâti sur le mont Quirinal par C. Junius Bubuleus, dans le tems de sa dictature, l an 451 de Rome. (D. J.) ローマ人は精神的な徳――例えば、名誉、敬虔、信仰など――のみならず、あらゆる有用な事柄――協調、平和、自由、終いには帝国の存続さえも女神サルースという名のもとに――擬人化、神格化した。[...] 魂の平静sérénité de l âme Louis de Jaucourt, Encyclopédie, XV, 1765, art. SÉRÉNITÉ de l ame SÉRÉNITÉ de l ame, (Morale) vertu morale, qui a sa source dans l innocence le tempérament; vive sans être emportée, serieuse sans être grave, avec elle habite la paix, avec elle habite la sûreté; heureux celui qui la conserve, dont toutes ses passions sont en harmonie au milieu d un monde enflammé de vices! *********************
https://w.atwiki.jp/ageofconan/pages/45.html
Dark Templer Depravity Tree T1 Blighted Touch 5 (edit) 全ての攻撃にUnholyダメージを与える機会を得る T2 Blighted Soul 5 (edit) Blighted Touchを改良してBlighted Touchが発動している間、周囲の全ての敵にもダメージを与える Crystallized Ether 5 (edit) マナリジェネ増加 戦闘中+7/非戦闘中+5 T3 Dark Hand 5 (edit) 片手殴打武器と片手斬撃武器のダメージを増加 1ポイントにつき+0.5% Devouring Blood Frenzy 5 (edit) Blood Frenzyスタンスを改良して、こぼれた出た血からヘルスに変換する機会を追加 Consuming Bulwark 3 (edit) Defensiveスタンスを改良して戦闘中に攻撃してきた敵のライフを奪う機会を追加 (Spell) Pact of Malacodor 5 (edit) 短時間Unholyダメージを全ての攻撃に追加 このスペルはヘルスを消費する このFeatによりスペルPact of Malacodorが与えられる T4 Dissipate Ether 3 (edit) Mystical Baneコンボを改良してマナダメージを与えるようになる Incinerate Ether 1 (edit) Dissipate Ether(3)が必要 Mystical Baneコンボを改良してマナダメージと同等のダメージをヘルスに対しても与える (Spell) Dark Burden 2 (edit) 敵に苦痛を与えて移動力を遅くするクイックスペル このFeatによりスペルDark Burdenが与えられる Devourer s Might 5 (edit) Soul For Our FeastとLeech Lifeコンボのダメージを上昇 １ポインドでDPSが10%上昇 T5 (Spell) Reaper of Malacodor 1 (edit) 短時間全てのメレー攻撃にAE Unholyダメージを追加 このスペルには多くのヘルスの消費が必要 このFeatによりスペルReaper of Malacodorが与えられる Dread Lord 1 (edit) 全てのコンボの再使用時間を低下 Sadistic Glee 1 (edit) 特別なサディスティックな能力(カウンターのことか？)が発動する機会を増やす Vile Soul 2 (edit) サディスティックなカウンターを周囲の敵に対して発動 T6 Hexer s Might 5 (edit) Blood For AidとUnhallowed Blightコンボのダメージを強化 20%増加 Ether Reap 5 (edit) Mystical Baneコンボを強化してメレー攻撃が成功するとマナを回復する機会を得る (Combo) Mind Wrack 1 (edit) 前面に立つ敵に対して、スタンを与えるコンボを与える このFeatによりコンボMind Wrackが与えられる T7 Gore Fiend 1 (edit) グループ内に死者が出るとカウンターが発動する機会が上昇する Masochism 5 (edit) ダメージを受けるとカウンターが発動する機会を得る Touch of Death 5 (edit) コンボにunholyダメージを追加 Air of Death 1 (edit) Touch of Deathが必要 Touch of Deathを改良して周囲全ての敵にUnholyダメージを与える機会を得る T8 Drain Strength 1 (edit) コンボに敵のStrengthを低下させる機会を追加 Mind Shatter 1 (edit) 前方の扇状のエリアの敵にスタンを与えるコンボを得る このFeatによりMind Shatterコンボが与えられる Depravity 5 (edit) Masochism(5)が必要 Covenant of Venegenceが発動するとカウンターの発動率が上昇 Unholy Strength 5 (edit) Touch of Death(5)が必要 コンボのダメージ増加 1ポイントにつき+5% T9 Dread Shadow 1 (edit) Unholy Strengthが必要 Feast of Soulコンボを実行すると短時間シャドウビーストが召還され戦いに参加する Ravenous Eater 1 (edit) Depravity(5)が必要 Feast of Souls and Leech Lifeコンボを改良して短時間追加ダメージを増加
https://w.atwiki.jp/vipmtg2/pages/203.html
参加者デッキ mw ◆94gAIuN2s2 ShiftStorm 4 [IA] Underground River 2 [PR] Island 4 [6E] Svyelunite Temple 3 [6E] Crystal Vein 4 [6E] City of Brass 4 [TSB] Gemstone Mine 4 [TSP] Bogardan Hellkite 4 [PLC] Spellshift 2 [TSB] Dragonstorm 4 [6E] Mystical Tutor 4 [AL] Lim-Dul s Vault 上から５枚いじれるのがホントにありがたい。ドラスト欲しいけどトップに置くとマナ足りないからコンボ出来ないorzって時に。 4 [IA] Dark Ritual 4 [IA] Brainstorm 4 [AL] Force of Will 4 [FUT] Pact of Negation 4 [IA] Portent 1 [FUT] Mystic Speculation SB 1 [TSB] Dragonstorm ライブラリ操作サイドアウトしたときに追加。 SB 4 [6E] Mana Short SB 2 [TSP] Wipe Away SB 2 [IA] Hydroblast SB 2 [6E] Volcanic Dragon SB 4 [IA] Pyroblast １マナカウンター兼Chill破壊。宝石鉱山全力にしてサイドに仕込んどいてホントによかった。 動きは、Dragonstormをトップに積む→餌になるスペル打つ→Spellshiftでカウンター→Dragonstormがめくれてゲームエンド。 インスタントタイミングで動けるので積むのとコンボ開始のターンを分けても大抵ストームは足ります。最低2は付いてるし。 かなりホームランドが気の毒になりました。商人の巻物あるとかなり安定度が違います･･ aso ◆NKqpO/3ZXo 緑青蛇気味対立 4 [DIS] Breeding Pool 4 [9E] Yavimaya Coast 9 [9E] Forest (2) 6 [9E] Island (1) 4 [RAV] Birds of Paradise 3 [9E] Llanowar Elves 4 [DIS] Coiling Oracle 4 [RAV] Carven Caryatid 2 [DIS] Patagia Viper 2 [US] Morphling フィニッシャー。対立でカニ化したりも 4 [9E] Mana Leak 2 [RAV] Remand 2 [DIS] Spell Snare 4 [UD] Opposition 4 [RAV] Compulsive Research 2 [UD] Treachery SB 1 [RAV] Remand SB 2 [DIS] Spell Snare SB 3 [US] Douse SB 3 [9E] Viridian Shaman SB 2 [9E] Naturalize SB 4 [US] Annul よくある対立デッキ。 《虚空粘/Voidslime》を入れておけばよかったと決勝で後悔しても後の祭り しかしmwさんのアイデアには脱帽。
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